@Article{InnocentiniGonēCaetTess:2021:PaCO2,
               author = "Innocentini, Valdir and Gon{\c{c}}alves, Iury Angelo and Caetano, 
                         Ernesto and Tessarolo, Luciana de Freitas",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {Universidade Federal do Esp{\'{\i}}rito Santo (UFES)} and 
                         {Universidade Nacional do Mex{\'{\i}}co} and {Instituto Nacional 
                         de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Partitioning the CO 2 Flux Mediated by Droplets Released from 
                         Breaking Waves",
              journal = "Boundary-Layer Meteorology",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "178",
               number = "1",
                pages = "21--41",
                month = "Jan.",
             keywords = "Air–sea CO2 exchange · CO2 sea-droplet flux · Droplet–air gas 
                         gradient · Droplet lifetime · Droplet solubility.",
             abstract = "The CO 2 flux from spume droplets occurs in two steps. First, the 
                         initial dropletair gas concentration gradient \∇ C is 
                         immediately removed with no change in the droplet solubility. 
                         Then, the solubility changes with droplet temperature T and radius 
                         r evolution, but the flux maintains the condition \∇ C= 0. 
                         The gas content of a droplet can be determined by \∇ C= 0 
                         since the parameters T and r are known. Therefore, the net gas 
                         influx of a droplet depends on the values of T and r in its return 
                         to the sea. In the second step, the droplet temperature T evolves 
                         to an equilibrium temperature Teq, and the radius r is then 
                         reduced by evaporation at constant Teq. For the droplet spectrum, 
                         a cut-off radius rcut is used to separate short-lived (r> rcut, 
                         returning to the sea before T= Teq) and long-lived r\≤ rcut 
                         conditions. The net influx is split into three contributions: the 
                         first (S2S) is mediated by short-lived mechanisms, and the second 
                         and the third by long-lived (S2L) mechanisms that are further 
                         separated into temperature-varying (S2LT) and radius-varying 
                         (S2LR) stages. The results show that, in the cases with large 
                         airsea temperature differences, the first stage S2S dominates the 
                         net gas input, but its importance decreases as the value of rcut 
                         increases. The temperature-varying stage S2LT is dominant in cases 
                         with both large values of rcut and large temperature differences, 
                         while the radius-varying stage S2LR increases as either the 
                         temperature difference decreases or as the value of rcut 
                         increases.",
                  doi = "10.1007/s10546-020-00553-6",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00553-6",
                 issn = "0006-8314 and 1573-1472",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Innocentini2021_Article_PartitioningTheHboxCO2CO2FluxM.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "09 maio 2024"
}